Climate Change and the Shifting Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases: Implications for Livestock Health, Food Safety, Ecosystem Resilience, and One Health Strategies
Keywords:
climate change; infectious diseases; livestock health; food safety; One Health.Abstract
Climate change is increasingly recognized as a major driver of infectious disease emergence, posing significant challenges to livestock production, food safety, ecosystem stability, and public health. This review aimed to synthesize current scientific evidence on the mechanisms through which climate variability influences pathogen ecology, vector dynamics, livestock health, and the safety of foods of animal origin while evaluating the role of the One Health framework as an integrated climate adaptation strategy. A narrative literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed publications retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and the Food and Agriculture Organization Library. Recent studies published over the past decade were prioritized, while seminal references were included to provide conceptual foundations. The selected literature was critically synthesized according to major thematic areas related to climate change, infectious diseases, food safety, ecosystem dynamics, and One Health. The reviewed evidence consistently demonstrates that increasing temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and elevated humidity enhance pathogen survival, expand the geographical distribution of vectors, and intensify infectious disease transmission among livestock. Climate-related environmental stress also compromises animal immunity, increases susceptibility to bacterial and parasitic infections, reduces feed quality, and adversely affects livestock productivity. Furthermore, climate change elevates the risk of microbial contamination and mycotoxin exposure in foods of animal origin while disrupting ecosystem balance through wildlife redistribution, biodiversity loss, and increased opportunities for cross-species pathogen transmission. Integrated surveillance, climate-informed risk assessment, improved biosecurity, and ecosystem-based management emerged as essential components of effective disease mitigation. This review highlights One Health as the most comprehensive framework for addressing climate-sensitive infectious diseases by integrating animal, human, and environmental health. The findings provide a multidisciplinary scientific foundation for developing evidence-based policies and sustainable adaptation strategies that strengthen livestock resilience, protect food security, and improve preparedness for future climate-related disease threats.
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